makalah definition of vocabulary
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
This course is intended to help students
enlarge and build up their English vocabulary. Modern English is derived from
an early. From of German language and there is a strong similarity between many
English and German words. However, in the last thousand years or so, English
has been influenced by other languages and has borrowed words and part of words
from them. In particular, modern English contains many words and ideas borrowed
from Latin and Greek. We shall see some of these when we consider derivation,
prefixes, and suffixes for instances.
B. Formulation of the Problem
1. What is it
definition of vocabulary?
2.
How the history of vocabulary?
3. What is word
origins?
4. What are
collocation, blend, and clipping?
C.
Purpose of
Writing
1. Want to know
what is the definition of vocabulary.
2.
Want to know how the history of
vocabulary.
3. Want to know
what is word origins.
4. Want to know
what are collocation, blend, and clipping.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
CONTENTS
Vocabulary is the basic that must be learnt
first by learners. It will help the learner in learning English language well. Barnhart (2008: 697), vocabulary is a stock of words used by person, class
of people, and profession. Vocabulary is a collection or list of words, usually in alphabetical
order and defined. As Harmand and Stork
(1976:250) stated that vocabulary is a stock
of words which are at the disposal of speaker or writer. As in Brainy Media.com that vocabulary is a list or collection of words arranged
in alphabetical order and explained ; a dictionary or lexicon either of whole
language, a single work or author, a branch of science or wordbook. Besides, Hindmarsh R (1980) stated that
vocabulary is a core component of language proficiency and provides
much of basis for how well learners speak, listen, read and write. The word English derives from the eponym Angle, the
name of a Germanic tribe thought to originate from the Angeln area of Jutland,
now in northern Germany. The names 'England' (from Engla-land "Land of the Angles”
- History of the Vocabulary English language
1.
Proto-English
The languages of Germanic
peoples gave rise to the English language (the best known are the Angles, Saxons,
Frisii,
Jutes
and possibly some Franks,
who traded, fought with and lived alongside the Latin-speaking
peoples of the Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of
the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western
Europe during the Migration
Period). Latin loan
words such as wine, cup, and bishop entered the vocabulary of
these Germanic peoples before their arrival in Britain and the subsequent
formation of England. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that
around the year 449 Vortigern, King of the Britons,
invited the "Angle kin" (Angles allegedly led by the Germanic
brothers Hengist
and Horsa) to help repel invading Picts.
In return, the Anglo-Saxons received lands in the southeast of Britain.
- Old English – from the mid-5th century to the mid-11th century
After the Anglo-Saxon invasion, the Germanic language possibly
displaced the indigenous Brythonic languages and Latin in most of the areas of Great
Britain that later became England. The most
famous surviving work from the Old English period is the epic
poem Beowulf composed by an unknown poet. The words be, strong and water,
for example, derive from Old English.
English borrowed approximately two
thousand words from Old Norse,
including anger, bag,
both,
hit,
law,
leg,
same,
skill,
sky,
take,
and many others, possibly even including the pronoun
they.
The introduction of Christianity
late in the 6th century encouraged the addition of over 400 Latin
loan words, such as priest, paper, and school, and fewer Greek loan words.
3. Middle English – from the late 11th to the
late 15th century
Middle
English was influenced by both Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French. Another example is the rare construction of the words for animals being separate from the words
for their meat, e.g., beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of "cows" and
"pigs"—animals with Germanic names. deer and venison;
cow and beef; swine/pig and pork; and sheep/lamb and mutton.
Geoffrey
Chaucer is the most famous writer
from the Middle English period, and The Canterbury Tales is his
best-known work. Although the spelling of Chaucer's English varies from that of
Modern English, his works can be read with minimal assistance. Approximately 10,000 French (and Norman) loan words entered Middle English, particularly terms associated with government, church, law, the military,
fashion, and food. English
spelling was also influenced by Norman in this period, with the /θ/ and /ð/ sounds being spelled th rather than with the Old English letters þ
(thorn) and ð
(eth), which did not exist in Norman.
4. Early Modern English – from the late 15th
to the late 17th century
The Dictionary of the English Language was the
first full featured English dictionary. Samuel
Johnson published the authoritative work in 1755. To a high
degree, the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage.
Meanwhile, grammar texts by Lowth,
Murray,
Priestly,
and others attempted to prescribe standard usage even further. British
English and American English,
the two major varieties of the language, are spoken by 400 million persons.
- Word origins
One of the consequences of the French influence is that the
vocabulary of English is, to a certain extent, divided between those words that
are Germanic (mostly West Germanic, with a smaller
influence from the North Germanic branch) and those that are
"Latinate" (derived directly from Latin,
or through Norman French or other Romance languages). The majority (estimates range from roughly 50% to more
than 80%) of the thousand most common English words are Germanic.
1. Words of Old Norse origin
Many words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language,
such as anger, awe, bag, big, birth, blunder, both, cake, call, cast, cosy,
cross, cut, die, dirt, drag, drown, egg, fellow, flat, flounder, gain, get,
gift, give, guess, guest, gust, hug, husband, ill, kid, law, leg, lift, likely,
link, loan, loose, low, mistake, odd, race (running), raise, root, rotten,
same, scale, scare, score, seat, seem, sister, skill, skin, skirt, skull, sky,
stain, steak, sway, take, though, thrive, Thursday, tight, till (until), trust,
ugly, want, weak, window, wing, wrong, they, are.
2. Words of French origin
Words of Norman French origin include competition, mountain,
art, table, publicity, role, pattern, joust,
choice, and force. French rules for pronunciation and spelling, including diacritics,
are often phrases rather than single words, and are sometimes written in italics.
Examples include police, routine, machine, façade,
table d'hôte and affaire de cœur.
3. Words of Dutch and Low German origin
Many words describing the navy, types of ships, and other objects
or activities on the water are of Dutch
origin such as yacht, skipper, cruiser, flag,
freight, furlough, breeze, hoist, iceberg, boom,
duck ("fabric, cloth"), and maelstrom. Other words
pertain to art and daily life: easel, etch, slim, staple
(Middle Dutch stapel "market"), slip (Middle Dutch slippen),
landscape, cookie, curl, shock, aloof, boss,
brawl (brallen "to boast"), smack (smakken
"to hurl down"), shudder, scum, peg, coleslaw,
waffle, dope (doop "dipping sauce"), slender
(Old Dutch slinder), slight, gas, pump. Dutch has
also contributed to English slang, e.g. spook, and the now obsolete snyder
(tailor) and stiver (small coin). Words from Low German include bluster, cower, dollar, drum, geek, grab,
lazy, mate, monkey, mud, ogle, orlop, paltry, poll, poodle, prong, scurvy,
smug, smuggle, trade.
D. Collocation, Blend, and Clipping
1. Collocation
In corpus linguistics,
a collocation is a sequence of
words or terms that co-occur more often than
would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme.
There are about six main types of collocations: adjective+noun,
noun+noun (such as collective nouns),
verb+noun, adverb+adjective, verbs+prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and
verb+adverb. Collocation extraction
is a task that extracts collocations automatically from a corpus, using computational linguistics.
For examples:
Slow down (correct) Vs Slow under (incorrect)
Once upon time (correct) Vs Once sufficient time (incorrect)
Really something (correct) Vs truly something (incorrect)
Have a dinner (correct) Vs Get a dinner (incorrect)
2. Blend
In linguistics, a blend is a word formed by two or more
other words. Blends deal with the action of abridging and then combining
various lexemes to form a new word.
Most blends are formed by one of the following methods:
The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. For
example, lowbat is a
blend of low and battery.
The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborg is a blend of cybernetic and organism.
Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For
example, the word Californication, from a
song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers,
is a blend of California and fornication.
Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly
preserving the sounds' order. Poet Lewis Carroll was well
known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithy, a blend of lithe and slimy.
3. Clipping
In linguistics,
clipping is the word
formation process which consists in the
reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Clipping is also
known as "truncation" or "shortening." For example, exam(ination),
math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school slang;
spec(ulation) and tick(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and vet(eran)
and cap(tain) in army slang.
Clipping mainly consists of the following types: Back clipping; Fore-clipping; Middle
clipping; and Complex clipping
a. Back clipping
Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is
retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite.
Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc
(doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas
(gasoline), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt
(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music).
b. Fore-clipping
Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples: chute (parachute),
roach (cockroach), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone
(telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university).
c. Middle clipping
In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained. Examples
are: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator), jams or jammies
(pajamas/pyjamas), polly (apollinaris), shrink (head-shrinker),
tec (detective).
d. Complex clipping
Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the
original compound most often remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable
telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization
man), linocut (linoleum cut).
CHAPTER
III
CONCLUSION
English
is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and
is now the most widely used language in the world. It is spoken as a first
language by the majority populations of several sovereign states, including the
United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and
a number of Caribbean nations. It is the third-most-common native language in
the world, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is widely learned as a second
language and is an official language of the European Union, many Commonwealth
countries and the United Nations, as well as in many world organizations.
English
arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and what is now southeast
Scotland. Following the extensive influence of Great Britain and the United
Kingdom from the 17th century to the mid-20th century, through the British
Empire, it has been widely propagated around the world, becoming the leading
language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions.
Historically,
English originated from the fusion of closely related dialects, now
collectively termed Old English, which were brought to the eastern coast of
Great Britain by Germanic settlers (Anglo-Saxons) by the 5th century – with the
word English being derived from the name of the Angles, and ultimately from
their ancestral region of Angeln (in what is now Schleswig-Holstein). A
significant number of English words are constructed on the basis of roots from
Latin, because Latin in some form was the lingua franca of the Christian Church
and of European intellectual life. The language was further influenced by the
Old Norse language because of Viking invasions in the 9th and 10th centuries.
The
Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings
from Norman French, and vocabulary and spelling conventions began to give the
appearance of a close relationship with Romance languages to what had then
become Middle English. The Great Vowel Shift that began in the south of England
in the 15th century is one of the historical events that mark the emergence of
Modern English from Middle English.
References
Stuart
Redman, Vocabulary in use
pre-intermediate & intermediate. 2001. Jakarta: Erlangga
http://en.wikipedia.org
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